NAD test (intracellular)
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NAD test (intracellular)
Engineered in Europe - powered by MoleQlar®.
NAD is the short form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. The molecule is a coenzyme found in almost every cell of an organism. A coenzyme is a small organic molecule that works with an enzyme to start a chemical reaction. NAD is needed for over 500 of these enzymatic reactions in the human body, according to one study. There, it acts on molecular longevity pathways and interacts with sirtuins as well as the PARP gene family.
More at What is NAD?
With increasing age, NAD levels in the body drop dramatically.(R) Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide deficiency, or low NAD, plays a significant role in five out of nine hallmarks of aging. Thus, it may increase the risk of age-associated diseases, such as cardiovascular, infectious, metabolic, oncologic, and neurodegenerative diseases.(R, R)
Epigenetics tries to explain which factors temporarily determine the activity of a gene and subsequently the development of the cell. However, these factors are not based on possible changes in the genetic information (example: mutations), but on different small proteins that can bind to the DNA. As a consequence, the binding can influence one or even several genes in activity (more or less). In addition, epigenetics is involved in the development or differentiation of cells.
More under Epigenetic changes.
Proteostasis is composed of the two terms proteome (totality of proteins that can be produced in the body) and homeostasis (balance). If something goes wrong in the regulation of proteins, individual proteins may not appear at all or may even increase in number. This in turn influences the functionality of the cells. This process plays a role in known diseases such as Alzheimer's or Parkinson's disease.
For more, see Loss of proteostasis.
As cells and organisms age, the efficiency of the respiratory chain (energy supply in the mitochondrion) tends to decrease. This finding is based on two mechanisms. First, electrons are lost and second, ATP generation decreases. ATP is the most important energy carrier in our body. In this context, we also learn about the term mitohormesis.
For more, see Mitochondrial dysfunction.
Cellular senescence describes the state of a stagnant cell cycle. This means that the cell shuts down its functionality and can no longer divide. This standstill is often triggered by DNA changes. In a way, it is a protective mechanism. This protective mechanism is well-intentioned, but especially in old age it is sometimes badly hit.
More under Cellular Senescence.
In this indicator, the body's reaction to food intake is relevant. Its regulation takes place in interaction with growth hormone and other hormones. Among other things, calorie restriction and fasting are of importance here. Furthermore, we deal with autophagy and special longevity genes: the sirtuins.
More under Deregulated nutrient measurement.
Presumably, some are already asking themselves the profitable question of whether - and if so, how - one can keep NAD levels high even in old age?
Just as there are different hypotheses for the age-related NAD decrease, there are also different approaches to maintain the NAD+ level. We will discuss this so-called NAD boosting in the following article: What is NAD - Part 2.
This is done, for example, by taking a molecule called resveratrol. With dozens of publications and clinical studies, resveratrol is considered one of the most studied molecules used as a health supplement. Resveratrol activates the longevity proteins sirtuins as well as AMPK - the longevity pathways in our body responsible for the production of NAD.
In the context of inhibition of degradation, CD38 and PARP1 inhibitors are discussed. Apigenin and quercetin are natural CD38 inhibitors. Both molecules can increase cellular NAD+ levels and have also shown positive metabolic effects in one study.(R) Similar results are shown by scientific studies for PARP1 inhibitors.
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is a shooting star on the longevity scene. We'll now take it a step further and look at what benefits a high NAD level brings. The list is long and it all revolves around the central concept of energy. Among other things, NAD promotes memory, muscle function, the cardiovascular system, supports detoxification and protects against infections. NAD is just as intensively discussed and studied in the context of longevity research. In fact, there are also already promising results from various studies.
More under Advantages of high NAD.
Increasing NAD levels has been shown in studies to improve healthspan.(R, R) But there has never been a way to easily and accurately measure NAD ...
Until now! Determine your NAD level with MoleQlar's NAD test. Take control of your healthspan and order the only European developed NAD test on the market.
The dry blood test is easy to perform and requires only a few droplets of blood from your fingertip. A small, painless prick is sufficient. Needle or syringe phobias are therefore no obstacle for the NAD test.
Please don't tear off the sample ID and email part!
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A distinction is made between two different types of NAD:
Intracellular NAD - as the name suggests, this is found inside our cells. The majority of NAD resides inside the cell where it was originally produced until it reaches its reaction site. The literature best describes the crucial role of NAD in the intracellular space.
Extracellular NAD - compared to intracellular NAD, this NAD is found outside the cell in plasma, saliva and other body fluids where it circulates freely in the body. Extracellular NAD accounts for only 5-10 percent of total NAD.
The benefits are multiple and vary depending on the individual and health status. The following improvements have been described(R, R, R):
Improved energy production: NAD+ is involved in energy production in cells, and higher NAD+ levels can help the body produce more energy, potentially combating fatigue.
Improved mental performance: NAD+ also plays an important role in brain cell function, and higher NAD+ levels may improve mental performance by enhancing communication between brain cells and promoting memory and concentration.
Reduced aging processes: Some studies have shown that optimal NAD+ levels can help slow aging processes and improve tissue and organ health.
Improved metabolic functions: NAD+ also plays an important role in various metabolic processes in the body, such as the formation of ATP , the cells' "universal energy supplier." Higher NAD+ levels can therefore help the body produce energy more effectively and improve metabolic processes.
This also results in the following advantages:
However, it is important to note that the effects of NAD+ on the body are not yet fully understood and further studies are needed to further investigate the potential benefits of NAD+.
Dozens of different precursors to NAD deficiency have been described.(R, R) Low NAD+ levels can lead to several symptoms, including:
However, it is important to note that these symptoms can also indicate other health problems and should therefore always be clarified by a doctor. There are also other factors that can affect NAD+ levels in the body, such as age, diet, and lifestyle. Therefore, it is important that NAD+ levels are determined as part of a comprehensive medical examination to identify and target possible causes of symptoms.
In principle, an NAD test should take place before starting supplementation to determine your natural laboratory values. If you have already started supplementation with an NAD booster, you can check the effect with an NAD test. To do this, take the usual dosage of supplements one last time the day before. On the following day (= test day) perform the intracellular NAD blood test. Subsequently, the supplementation can be continued with the usual dosage.
Already at the age of 20 to 30 years, the NAD level starts to decrease rapidly in many people. In addition, there are several risk factors for low NAD levels. These include disease, suboptimal health, alcohol, nutrient deficiencies, or increased inflammation in the body. Therefore, it is helpful to determine one's health status by using the NAD test.
If necessary, you can adjust the NAD level and track the development and progression of your personal NAD level through follow-up testing. If you change your lifestyle or the dosage of your supplements, it is recommended to perform a control test. It is important that the value should be in the optimal, green range. Toxicity due to high NAD levels are extremely rare and occur mainly in people with intravenous NAD infusions or excessive NAD supplementation.
If your NAD level is in the optimal green range and you do not change your lifestyle, it is a good idea to check your NAD levels every 3 to 6 months.
With increasing age, your NAD levels decrease drastically. This can lead to loss of function in the human organism. In the course of life, the cellular hallmarks of aging thus accumulate and leave traces in our body. In step with this, the molecular markers of health decrease. These are the reasons why in old age we are more often ill and less often healthy. The NAD test helps you determine and track the level of NAD in your cells.
We are living longer and longer - but not healthier in relative terms. The current type of medicine allows diseases by doing too little for prevention and health maintenance. MoleQlar wants to enable a longer and, above all, healthier life.
Good and long health begins with you: Think today about the day after tomorrow.
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*NMN (Nicotinamide Mononucleotide) is a chemical not suitable for human consumption according to German and European law. Learn more in our safety data sheet.
The NAD blood test is a simple dry blood test that allows you to determine the level of NAD in your cells. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) levels decrease with age and play a role in the age-related decline in metabolic function. To date, the exact mechanism responsible for the age-related decline in NAD has not been elucidated. Thus, increasing NAD levels improves healthspan.
NAD stands for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. This molecule consists of two mononucleotides linked together by a chemical bond. The molecule is a coenzyme found in almost every cell of an organism. Coenzymes are small organic molecules, like vitamins, that work with enzymes to trigger chemical reactions. You can think of it like flying an airplane: theoretically, the plane can be controlled by a single pilot, but it's important and useful to have an additional co-pilot to assist. Through this interaction in our bodies, molecules like NAD help determine the action of enzymes. For example, studies show that NAD is required for more than 500 of these enzymatic reactions. It is thus clear that the coveted co-pilots play an important role in many biological processes.
The discovery of NAD and its redox properties by Otto Warburg contributed significantly to the clarification of terminology. He is the one who defined NAD as a "charge-independent chemical framework". Thus, NAD+ is the oxidized form of NAD (which can accept electrons) and NADH is the reduced form of NAD (which can donate electrons). In overview, chemistry refers to NAD+/NADH as a so-called redox couple. The harmony of this relationship is essential for energy production in the human body. In the mitochondria, the powerhouses of the cell, NADH releases electrons into the respiratory chain, enabling the production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), our universal energy carrier. All that remains is NAD+ and its willingness to recapture the electron.
There is a "rate-limiting" step in the generation of NAD. This means that synthesis is heavily dependent on one enzyme, and that is NAMPT. If you have enough of this enzyme, you can make many molecules. If the enzyme is missing, production will stop or at least be limited. The amount of NAMPT is very dynamic. Therefore, the organism can adapt very quickly to changing NAD requirements within a cell. These changing conditions include cellular stress caused by DNA damage and starvation.
NAD test - What does NAD do in the body?
In mammals, sirtuins and PARP are the two major NAD+-responsive signaling protein families. Both enzymes are molecule-dependent. Sirtuins, also called longevity genes, were described in the mid-1980s as telomere-protecting proteins. It is now known that their roles go far beyond that. The seven-member protein family plays a role in mitochondrial metabolism, inflammation, cell division, autophagy processes, circadian rhythms and programmed cell death (apoptosis).
The PARP family is larger than the sirtuin family, but not all family members have been equally well studied or analyzed. In any case, PARP1 and PARP2 are among the well-studied proteins, and so studies have been able to understand their role to some extent. They are important in DNA repair and likewise involved in regulating the translation of DNA language into protein language. As we age, DNA damage accumulates and cell stress increases. As a result, overactivation of PARP1 may reduce NAD+ levels more. However, research findings are paradoxical in this regard. Some studies have shown that PARP blockade is a positive factor, while another found that PARP activation positively correlates with lifespan. There are still unanswered questions that research cannot answer at this time. You can test for NAD levels in your blood on your own and get clarity with an NAD test.
Although the amount of NAD can be measured constantly over a period of time, in reality the molecule is constantly being remodeled, degraded or recycled within the cell. NAD exists in the body in two "states" - as a free molecule or bound to proteins. The relationships between them are referred to as ratios, which are expressed differently in different cells and tissues. With the exception of neurons, mammalian cells can neither import nor produce NAD. Therefore, the molecule must first be reassembled from different components within the cell. This happens via the essential amino acid tryptophan or other forms of vitamin B3. To maintain intracellular NAD levels, it is mainly "recycled" via the so-called salvage pathway. "Salvage" is of English origin and means to save. Therefore, most of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is recycled rather than newly manufactured. Our bodies are way ahead of society in this regard. Then there is a third, not quite so significant way to produce the molecule.
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